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BPC-157 TB-500 References and Citations

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of the entries below — peer-reviewed studies, recent reviews, and FDA primary sources.

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The cited record

The BPC-157 TB-500 references below are the full source list for this site. The constituent-research entries are filed by peptide and by finding; the regulatory entries are FDA primary sources, verified loading and containing the cited text. Each inline marker across the research, soft-tissue-repair, dosage, legal-status, and FAQ pages resolves to a numbered entry here. Identifiers (DOI, PMID, FDA URL) are included so the primary record can be checked directly.

The research base is deliberately split. Entries 1-2 and 12 carry BPC-157; entries 3-8 carry TB-500 and its parent protein Thymosin Beta-4; entries 9-11 are the recent reviews that bound the human evidence and confirm the absence of any combination study; entries 13-15 are the FDA compounding and advisory-committee sources behind the legal-status page.

  1. Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  2. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
  3. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  4. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  5. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  6. Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells. FASEB J. 2004;18(2):385-387. ↗
  7. Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. ↗
  8. Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(9):733-738. ↗
  9. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. (36 studies, 35 preclinical and 1 human; "no clinical safety data"; no mention of TB-500 or combination use.) ↗
  10. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  11. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
  12. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(2):291. ↗
  13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (Category 2 entries for "BPC-157 (free base)" / "BPC-157 acetate" and "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500"; effective with the September 29, 2023 list update.) ↗
  14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (503A/503B framework; Category 1 and Category 2 definitions; bulks-list and PCAC nomination process.) ↗
  15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (Public agenda listing BPC-157 and TB-500 among bulk drug substances "being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List"; a scheduled discussion, not a decision.) ↗